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-rw-r--r--content/post/how-this-blog-works/index.org229
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diff --git a/content/post/how-this-blog-works/index.org b/content/post/how-this-blog-works/index.org
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+#+TITLE: Creating Self-Hosted Hugo Blog with OpenBSD
+#+DATE: 2020-06-17T21:03:26-04:00
+#+DRAFT: true
+#+DESCRIPTION:
+#+TAGS[]: hugo openbsd
+#+KEYWORDS[]:
+#+SLUG:
+#+SUMMARY:
+
+When creating this blog, there were a couple of factors I kept in mind
+while trying to figure out how I was going to set it up. Here's an
+approximate list:
+
+- Simple
+- Version controlled
+- Easy to host on OpenBSD
+- Minimal maintenance
+- Good integration with Emacs
+
+That's how I came up with what I currently use. Let me walk you
+through how I run by blog.
+
+* Framework
+
+ The blog engine is [[https://gohugo.io/][hugo]], a static site generator. I chose this over
+ something dynamic like wordpress for several reasons.
+
+ First of all, it's very easy to manage, blog posts are just simple
+ files written in one of the markup languages hugo supports. Being
+ statically generated is also a massive advantage in terms of
+ maintenance. With something like wordpress, you have to be careful to
+ keep your site and plugins up to date.
+
+ Since there's no dynamic content generation or database involved with
+ hugo, the attack surface is dramatically decreased. No possibility for
+ SQL injection, PHP RATs, accidental shell access, or hacked
+ credentials. The entire site is generated using a single command after
+ a new post is created, and then moved to the web server's root
+ directory.
+
+ Being all flat files also means the entire thing can very easily be
+ tracked using =git= (or maybe [[https://gameoftrees.org/][got]], eventually), in fact that's the
+ recommended way to use hugo. There's no fear I'll accidentally delete
+ something, as I can always go back to a previous commit and restore
+ it.
+
+ Since hugo is written in go, it's trivial to compile on OpenBSD, and
+ is actually available directly from the OpenBSD package manager right
+ out of the gate.
+
+ Maybe the most important thing to be however, is that hugo natively
+ supports org-mode markup. I write all my notes, both personal and work
+ related, in org-mode. It makes converting my notes into blog posts
+ really easy. It also lets me leverage my existing Emacs setup, which
+ comes in handy often. While it's not very well documented, since
+ org-mode markup is a bit of a second class citizen in the hugo world,
+ it's pretty easy to figure out.
+
+* Prerequisites
+
+ This can be hosted on a very cheap VPS since it only has to serve
+ static pages. For OpenBSD hosting I would recommend either [[https://www.vultr.com/][Vultr]] or
+ [[https://openbsd.amsterdam/][OpenBSD Amsterdam]].
+
+** Server
+ The only thing that's required on the host server is =git=, although
+ you could even get away without that if you chose to host your git
+ repository elsewhere, like on github.
+
+ #+BEGIN_SRC shell
+ pkg_add git
+ #+END_SRC
+
+** Local machine
+ On the local machine you'll need both =git= and =rsync=. Both might
+ already be installed depending on the system you're on. If not,
+ check your package manager for details on how to install them. In
+ the case of Ubuntu or Debian it would be
+
+ #+BEGIN_SRC shell
+ sudo apt install git rsync
+ #+END_SRC
+
+ or for Fedora
+
+ #+BEGIN_SRC shell
+ sudo dnf install git rsync
+ #+END_SRC
+
+* Version Control
+
+ I wanted to try to keep things as simple as possible for this. The
+ "origin" for the blog is simply a bare git repository in the =blog=
+ user's home directory.
+
+** Setting up the blog user
+
+ First I set up the blog user
+ #+BEGIN_SRC shell
+ useradd -m blog
+ #+END_SRC
+
+ I then placed my public SSH key in its =authorized_keys= file
+
+ #+BEGIN_SRC shell
+ mkdir -m 700 /home/blog/.ssh
+ cp /root/.ssh/authorized_keys /home/blog/.ssh/
+ chown -R blog:blog /home/blog
+ #+END_SRC
+
+ I then logged in as the blog user and initialize the bare git
+ repository.
+
+ #+BEGIN_SRC shell
+ su blog
+ cd # cd with no arguments goes to home directory
+ git init --bare blog.git
+ #+END_SRC
+
+** Cloning the repository
+
+ Cloning the repository onto my local machine is very easy at this
+ point. As long as my private keys are in the =blog= user's
+ =authorized_keys=, git will take care of the rest.
+
+ #+BEGIN_SRC shell
+ # on my local machine
+ git clone blog@lambda.cx:blog.git
+ #+END_SRC
+
+ I can now work on the blog as I would any other git repository,
+ pulling with =git pull= and pushing with =git push=.
+
+* Web server
+
+ Since this blog is going to be hosted on OpenBSD, we don't need to
+ install a web server, as it already comes with one built in.
+
+ Setting up =httpd= couldn't be easier, the configuration syntax is
+ very straight forward. If you would like to see a full breakdown of
+ the options available, check out the man page with =man
+ httpd.conf=. The example configuration in =/etc/examples/httpd.conf=
+ is also a good starting point.
+
+ In this case the simplest configuration would be as follows
+
+ # js chosen for prism.js syntax highlighting
+ #+BEGIN_SRC js
+ server "blog.lambda.cx" {
+ listen on * port 80
+ root "/htdocs/blog.lambda.cx"
+ }
+ #+END_SRC
+
+ Despite how it looks, the =htdocs= folder doesn't reside in the
+ system root (=/=) directory. It actually lives in =/var/www/htdocs=,
+ and only appears that way because =httpd= gets automatically
+ =chroot='ed in =/var/www/= for security reasons.
+
+ For more information about how to set up SSL with Let's Encrypt,
+ check out [[{{< ref "post/letsencrypt-on-openbsd" >}}][this post]].
+
+* Using Hugo
+
+ There's not much to say here. Hugo's [[https://gohugo.io/][website]] has good documentation
+ on how to get started creating a blog using their program. I'll be
+ covering the intricacies of using org-mode with hugo in the future.
+
+* Deployment
+
+ The system used to deploy this blog is incredibly simple, involving
+ only =rsync=, =hugo=, and a small shell script.
+
+** Server
+ First you have to allow the =blog= user to write to the website
+ root. We'll do this by making it the owner of
+ =/var/www/htdocs/blog.lambda.cx=.
+
+ #+BEGIN_SRC shell
+ chown -R blog /var/www/htdocs/blog.lambda.cx
+ #+END_SRC
+
+** Local machine
+
+ This is the script used to deploy the website. It's placed in the
+ root of the hugo git repository.
+
+ #+BEGIN_SRC shell
+ #!/bin/sh
+ set -e
+
+ cd '$(dirname "$0")'
+ hugo
+ rsync -va --progress --rsync-path="/usr/bin/openrsync" public/ blog@lambda.cx:/var/www/htdocs/lambda.cx/blog
+ #+END_SRC
+
+ Going through it line by line:
+
+ - ~set -e~ Tells the shell to exit if any commands fail instead of
+ continuing execution. If ~hugo~ has a problem and exits with an
+ error, don't sync with the server.
+ - ~cd '$(dirname "$0")'~ Changes to the script's directory. This is
+ used in case you're running it from somewhere else.
+ - ~hugo~ Compile the website into static files located in the
+ =public= directory.
+ - ~rsync -va --progress --rsync-path="/usr/bin/openrsync" public/
+ blog@lambda.cx:/var/www/htdocs/lambda.cx/blog~ This one is bigger
+ so I'll break it down.
+ - =rsync= A command that synchronizes files between two directories
+ - =-v= Be verbose, this is optional but I like it
+ - =-a= Stands for "archive": copy recursively, keep
+ permissions, etc. See the =rsync= man page if you're curious.
+ - =--progress= Show progress, also optional
+ - ~--rsync-path="/usr/bin/openrsync"~ This line is very important
+ for OpenBSD servers. OpenBSD has its own =rsync= implementation
+ called =openrsync=. Without this argument, =rsync= will connect
+ to the server, see that the =rsync= command doesn't exist, and
+ fail.
+ - =public/= Specify which folder we want to sync. The trailing
+ =/= is important. Without it =rsync= will copy the folder
+ instead of the folder's contents, which is what we want.
+ - =blog@lambda.cx:/var/www/htdocs/lambda.cx/blog= Login to user
+ =blog= on server =lambda.cx=, syncing files with the
+ =/var/www/htdocs/lambda.cx/blog= directory.
+
+ The reason to use =rsync= here instead of something like =scp= is
+ that =rsync= won't upload files it doesn't need to, so if 3/4 of
+ the files didn't change when you updated the blog, it won't waste
+ time re-uploading them.
diff --git a/content/post/letsencrypt-on-openbsd/index.org b/content/post/letsencrypt-on-openbsd/index.org
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/post/letsencrypt-on-openbsd/index.org
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+#+TITLE: Let's Encrypt on OpenBSD
+#+DATE: 2020-06-16T22:56:27-04:00
+#+DRAFT: false
+#+DESCRIPTION: Setting up acme-client on OpenBSD
+#+TAGS[]: openbsd httpd letsencrypt acme-client
+#+KEYWORDS[]: openbsd httpd letsencrypt acme-client
+#+SLUG:
+#+SUMMARY:
+
+#+ATTR_HTML: :alt Let's Encrypt OpenBSD
+#+ATTR_HTML: :title Let's Encrypt OpenBSD
+[[file:openbsd%20letsencrypt.png]]
+
+So I have an OpenBSD server serving a static website using
+=httpd=. I've been thinking for a while I should add an SSL
+certificate, but never got around to it because it was just a small
+hobby website and it didn't require any real attention.
+
+Today while watching one of the OpenBSD tutorials at BSDCan, I thought
+it was finally time. Since configuring everything else in OpenBSD is
+so easy, this must be easy too, right?
+
+These were the only changes I had to make to my =httpd.conf= to get
+=acme-client= to work. This is described in the =acme-client= man
+page.
+#+BEGIN_SRC diff
+--- httpd.conf
++++ httpd.conf.new
+@@ -1,4 +1,19 @@
+ server "lambda.cx" {
+ listen on * port 80
+ root "/htdocs/lambda.cx"
++ location "/.well-known/acme-challenge/*" {
++ root "/acme"
++ request strip 2
++ }
+ }
+#+END_SRC
+
+After that, I reloaded =httpd= with ~rcctl reload httpd~
+
+I then copied the example config from =/etc/examples/acme-client.conf=
+to =/etc/acme-client=. This is what the modifications to the example I
+made look like.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC diff
+--- acme-client.conf
++++ acme-client.conf.new
+@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
+ #
+ # $OpenBSD: acme-client.conf,v 1.2 2019/06/07 08:08:30 florian Exp $
+ #
+ authority letsencrypt {
+ api url "https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory"
+ account key "/etc/acme/letsencrypt-privkey.pem"
+ }
+
+ authority letsencrypt-staging {
+ api url "https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory"
+ account key "/etc/acme/letsencrypt-staging-privkey.pem"
+ }
+
+-domain example.com {
+- alternative names { secure.example.com }
+- domain key "/etc/ssl/private/example.com.key"
+- domain full chain certificate "/etc/ssl/example.com.fullchain.pem"
++domain lambda.cx {
++ # alternative names { www.lambda.cx }
++ domain key "/etc/ssl/private/lambda.cx.key"
++ domain full chain certificate "/etc/ssl/lambda.cx.fullchain.pem"
+ sign with letsencrypt
+ }
+#+END_SRC
+
+It's a pretty small change. I have the alternative name line commented
+out because I only have =lambda.cx= pointing at my server and not
+=www.lambda.cx=. Although if I did I would un-comment it. I could also
+add sub-domains like =sub.lambda.cx= in that area separated by a
+space.
+
+After that I just had to run ~acme-client -v lambda.cx~ (-v for
+verbosity) and it generated the certificates.
+
+Then I added a =crontab= entry (using =crontab -e=) to run once a day
+at a random time and reload =httpd=.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC
+~ ~ * * * acme-client lambda.cx && rcctl reload httpd
+#+END_SRC
+
+Finally to use the new certificates I added the following lines to my
+=httpd.conf=.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC diff
+--- httpd.conf
++++ httpd.conf.new
+@@ -1,8 +1,21 @@
+ server "lambda.cx" {
+ listen on * port 80
+ root "/htdocs/lambda.cx"
+ location "/.well-known/acme-challenge/*" {
+ root "/acme"
+ request strip 2
+ }
+ }
++
++server "lambda.cx" {
++ listen on * tls port 443
++ tls {
++ certificate "/etc/ssl/lambda.cx.fullchain.pem"
++ key "/etc/ssl/private/lambda.cx.key"
++ }
++ root "/htdocs/lambda.cx"
++ location "/.well-known/acme-challenge/*" {
++ root "/acme"
++ request strip 2
++ }
++}
+#+END_SRC
+
+I reloaded httpd with ~rcctl reload httpd~ and that was it, working
+certificate!
diff --git a/content/post/letsencrypt-on-openbsd/openbsd letsencrypt.png b/content/post/letsencrypt-on-openbsd/openbsd letsencrypt.png
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diff --git a/content/post/openvpn-issues-openbsd-6.7/index.org b/content/post/openvpn-issues-openbsd-6.7/index.org
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+#+TITLE: Issues with OpenVPN on OpenBSD 6.7
+#+DATE: 2020-06-14T14:08:06-04:00
+#+DRAFT: false
+#+DESCRIPTION:
+#+TAGS[]: openvpn openbsd libressl
+#+KEYWORDS[]:
+#+SLUG:
+#+SUMMARY:
+
+#+ATTR_HTML: :alt No connection to ProtonVPN from OpenBSD
+#+ATTR_HTML: :title No connection to ProtonVPN from OpenBSD
+[[file:openbsd%20protonvpn%20no%20connection.png]]
+
+I have an OpenBSD VPN gateway I use to send all traffic it receives
+over a VPN connection, and I noticed that no traffic was going through.
+
+I'd been using ProtonVPN as my provider for months prior to this
+without any issues, so it was very confusing when it stopped working.
+
+No matter which VPN profile I used from ProtonVPN, it always gets
+stuck after the step =TLS: Initial packet from
+[AF_INET]XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:YY=. Regardless of whether I tried the
+individual server profiles, country profiles, free, or plus profiles.
+
+I tried starting openvpn with maximum verbosity. Everything launched
+exactly as it should, until it gets to the TLS handshake, where it
+failed to get a response.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC
+Sun Jun 14 15:37:22 2020 us=577519 UDP link local: (not bound)
+Sun Jun 14 15:37:22 2020 us=577532 UDP link remote: [AF_INET]XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:YYYY
+Sun Jun 14 15:37:22 2020 us=577650 UDP WRITE [86] to [AF_INET]XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:YYYY: P_CONTROL_HARD_RESET_CLIENT_V2 kid=0 pid=[ #1 ] [ ] pid=0 DATA len=0
+Sun Jun 14 15:37:22 2020 us=739355 UDP READ [98] from [AF_INET]XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:YYYY: P_CONTROL_HARD_RESET_SERVER_V2 kid=0 pid=[ #1 ] [ 0 ] pid=0 DATA len=0
+Sun Jun 14 15:37:22 2020 us=739517 TLS: Initial packet from [AF_INET]XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:YYYY, sid=19fe5aac 2d00f4aa
+Sun Jun 14 15:37:22 2020 us=739658 UDP WRITE [94] to [AF_INET]XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:YYYY: P_ACK_V1 kid=0 pid=[ #2 ] [ 0 ]
+Sun Jun 14 15:37:22 2020 us=739798 WARNING: this configuration may cache passwords in memory -- use the auth-nocache option to prevent this
+Sun Jun 14 15:37:22 2020 us=739900 UDP WRITE [331] to [AF_INET]XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:YYYY: P_CONTROL_V1 kid=0 pid=[ #3 ] [ ] pid=1 DATA len=245
+Sun Jun 14 15:37:24 2020 us=832019 UDP WRITE [331] to [AF_INET]XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:YYYY: P_CONTROL_V1 kid=0 pid=[ #4 ] [ ] pid=1 DATA len=245
+Sun Jun 14 15:37:29 2020 us=32189 UDP WRITE [331] to [AF_INET]XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:YYYY: P_CONTROL_V1 kid=0 pid=[ #5 ] [ ] pid=1 DATA len=245
+#+END_SRC
+
+It just kept repeating the write until it timed out after 60
+seconds. It was like this for every country, on every port. Even using
+the TCP profiles, but instead there the connection would get reset
+almost immediately instead of timing out.
+
+I tried several free VPNs I found online just to compare, and all of
+them worked without issue. This problem has only happened for me with
+ProtonVPN servers.
+
+I tried connecting using both my desktop machine, and an Ubuntu VM,
+both of which were able to connect without issue. The problem wasn't
+with the account itself.
+
+I tried using another OpenBSD VM on my network, and the result was the
+same as the VPN gateway, a timeout. I even spun up a fresh OpenBSD VM
+in Vultr to see if the issue persisted on a new install in a different
+network. The issue was still there.
+
+I was sure to check that the system clocks were correct on each
+machine, and also tried commenting out all lines in the VPN profile
+that weren't strictly required to make the connection, like mtu and
+compression settings.
+
+As a final attempt, I tried installing OpenVPN with =mbedtls=. For all
+my previous experiments, I had been using the default openvpn package,
+which uses OpenBSD's LibreSSL. That time it worked perfectly.
+
+It occurred to me that this had been the first time I'd checked up on
+the VPN gateway since updating to OpenBSD 6.7. I guess something about
+a recent LibreSSL update has broken a feature OpenVPN relies on in
+certain situations.
diff --git a/content/post/openvpn-issues-openbsd-6.7/openbsd protonvpn no connection.png b/content/post/openvpn-issues-openbsd-6.7/openbsd protonvpn no connection.png
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diff --git a/content/post/pcengines-comparison/index.org b/content/post/pcengines-comparison/index.org
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+#+TITLE: PC Engines APU Comparison
+#+DATE: 2020-06-17T00:50:06-04:00
+#+DRAFT: false
+#+DESCRIPTION: Comparison between PC Engines APU machines
+#+TAGS[]: hardware pcengines
+#+KEYWORDS[]: hardware pcengines
+#+SLUG:
+#+SUMMARY:
+
+#+ATTR_HTML: :alt PC Engines Comparison
+#+ATTR_HTML: :title PC Engines Comparison
+[[file:pc%20engines%20vs.png]]
+
+I've been looking at the [[https://www.pcengines.ch/apu2.htm][PC Engines APU]] line for a while. They're a
+line of medium size single board PCs with a DB9 serial connector and
+no VGA port. They also have gigabit Ethernet. Because of this they're
+often used as firewall machines.
+
+I want to get one and use it as either the home router, or an
+experimental server to mess around with. Quite a few OpenBSD folks use
+them and recommend them as OpenBSD router and server hardware. They
+aren't too expensive, have decent specs and a small physical
+footprint.
+
+One thing that's always confused me was the naming scheme, which is a
+little confusing at first. Initially there was the APU, then the APU2,
+as described on their site, which makes sense. Then the APU model
+numbers get a little confusing. They come in several variants, I'll
+list them here for context.
+
+#+CAPTION: Taken from the PC Engines website
+#+BEGIN_SRC
+ apu2d0 (2 GB DRAM, 2 i211AT NICs)
+ apu2e2 (2 GB DRAM, 3 i211AT NICs)
+ apu2e4 (4 GB DRAM, 3 i210AT NICs)
+ apu3c2 (2 GB DRAM, 3 i211AT NICs, optimized for 3G/LTE modems)
+ apu3c4 (4 GB DRAM, 3 i211AT NICs, optimized for 3G/LTE modems)
+ apu4d2 (2 GB DRAM, 4 i211AT NICs)
+ apu4d4 (4 GB DRAM, 4 i211AT NICs)
+ #+END_SRC
+
+What do the letters between the numbers mean? What is the significance
+of the numbers in the first place?
+
+Let's take the =apu3c2= as an example. The =3= here means it's version
+3 of the APU board. The APU 1 is no longer sold, so it's left out of
+the list on the PC Engines website, along with most of their
+re-sellers. The letter =c= is the revision of that board. It's pretty
+much irrelevant for comparison. You'll want to get the most recent
+one, as listed on the PC Engines website. The revisions are mostly
+minor tweaks to the board. The final number, =2=, is the number of gigabytes
+of RAM (in most cases).
+
+The APU2E2 boards have a single mSATA slot, and a regular SATA
+connector, two mPCIe slots, and a SIM tray. It comes with 2 external
+USB 3.0 type A ports, 2 internal USB 2.0 ports (header only), an SD
+card slot, and a GPIO header. It also has 3 Intel i211AT gigabit
+NICs. Using the SIM tray will remove the ability to use one of the two
+mPCIe slots.
+
+So what are the major differences between version numbers? They all
+use the same CPU, the quad core AMD Embedded G series GX-412TC running
+at 1 GHz. Most other components on the boards are the same as
+well. I'll give a description of the differences relative to the APU2
+board.
+
+The APU2D0 is the same as the regular APU2, but without a GPIO
+headers, and it has only 2 NICs.
+
+The APU3 has an extra SIM tray, and the first slot, which is mSATA
+only on the APU2, can be used as either an mSATA or USB 3G/LTE Modem
+slot. The second slot can only be used for a modem. It also lets you
+do GPIO tray swapping and failover, so you can use only a single modem
+for 2 SIMs.
+
+The APU4D2 has 4 NICs instead of 3, and the second slot is modem
+only. It has 2 GB of RAM.
+
+The APU4D4 is the same as the APU4D2, except it has dual SIM trays. It
+has 4 GB of RAM.
+
+I found a lot of this information wasn't really obvious to upon first
+reading the PC Engines website, as there's no direct comparison
+between the board, and the site relies on you flipping between pages
+to find the details. The re-seller website I looked at also didn't
+elaborate on the differences.
+
+| Board | RAM | Slot 1 | Slot 2 | Slot 3 | Ethernet Controllers | SIM Slots | USB 2.0 | Headers |
+|--------+------+-------------+-------------+--------+----------------------+-----------+---------+---------|
+| [[https://www.pcengines.ch/apu2d0.htm][apu2d0]] | 2 GB | mSATA | mPCIe/Modem | mPCIe | 2 i211AT | 1 | 2 | No |
+| [[https://www.pcengines.ch/apu2e2.htm][apu2e2]] | 2 GB | mSATA | mPCIe/Modem | mPCIe | 3 i211AT | 1 | 2 | Yes |
+| [[https://www.pcengines.ch/apu2e4.htm][apu2e4]] | 4 GB | mSATA | mPCIe/Modem | mPCIe | 3 i210AT | 1 | 2 | Yes |
+| [[https://www.pcengines.ch/apu3c2.htm][apu3c2]] | 2 GB | mSATA/Modem | Modem | mPCIe | 3 i211AT | 2 | 4 | Yes |
+| [[https://www.pcengines.ch/apu3c4.htm][apu3c4]] | 4 GB | mSATA/Modem | Modem | mPCIe | 3 i211AT | 2 | 4 | Yes |
+| [[https://www.pcengines.ch/apu4d2.htm][apu4d2]] | 2 GB | mSATA | Modem | mPCIe | 4 i211AT | 1 | 2 | Yes |
+| [[https://www.pcengines.ch/apu4d4.htm][apu4d4]] | 4 GB | mSATA/Modem | Modem | mPCIe | 4 i211AT | 2 | 2 | Yes |
diff --git a/content/post/pcengines-comparison/pc engines vs.png b/content/post/pcengines-comparison/pc engines vs.png
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