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-#+TITLE: Reverse engineering a thermal printer's WiFi setup commands
-#+DATE: 2021-10-12T15:57:12-04:00
-#+DRAFT: true
-#+SHOWTOC: true
-#+DESCRIPTION: Setting up an Xprinter thermal receipt printer WiFi from Linux
-#+TAGS[]: linux hardware
-#+KEYWORDS[]: linux hardware
-#+SLUG:
-#+SUMMARY:
-
-* Introduction
-
-  I recently purchased a thermal receipt printer off of [[https://web.archive.org/web/20211012195845/https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32842111016.html?spm=a2g0s.9042311.0.0.207d4c4d6xNWgO][AliExpress]] for a
-  project. It features both WiFi and USB connectivity which I thought
-  was really cool for the price.
-
-  To my dismay, I realized after purchasing that the drivers and
-  configuration application only run on Windows.
-
-  This wasn't a huge deal, as thermal printers generally use the
-  somewhat kinda standardized command set called [[https://github.com/escpos/escpos][ESC/POS]]. Unfortunately
-  while many of the formatting commands are shared between printers, the
-  commands to setup the WiFi connection don't seem to be documented
-  anywhere, and I suspect are device-specific.
-
-  Since booting into Windows every time I want to manage the printer's
-  network settings isn't ideal, I decided to reverse engineer the
-  WiFi configuration commands.
-
-  Initially I tried to run the configuration tool in wine, but it
-  couldn't communicate with the printer over USB, which wasn't too
-  surprising.
-
-* Running in Windows
-
-  I booted my spare laptop into windows and launched the config tool
-  there.
-
-  I then setup the WiFi through =Advanced -> Set Net=
-
-  #+ATTR_HTML: :title Xprinter config tool running in wine
-  #+ATTR_HTML: :alt Xprinter config tool running in wine
-  [[file:xprinter_setup_tool.png]]
-
-
-  #+ATTR_HTML: :title Xprinter advanced settings
-  #+ATTR_HTML: :alt Xprinter advanced settings
-  [[file:xprinter_advanced.png]]
-
-  #+ATTR_HTML: :title Xprinter net settings
-  #+ATTR_HTML: :alt Xprinter net settings
-  [[file:xprinter_set_net.png]]
-
-  At this point I noticed that the application supported configuring the
-  printer over the network, meaning I might be able to change the
-  settings under wine again, as network sockets should work normally.
-
-* Wireshark on Linux
-
-  After rebooting into Linux and testing my assumption, it turned out to
-  be half true, I was able to run the configuration tool over the
-  network without issue and print from it, but I couldn't configure the
-  WiFi.
-
-  While I could have stopped there I decided to go one step further and
-  reverse the command sequence that configures the WiFi settings so I
-  could re-configure the printer's WiFi over USB if it ever got messed
-  up.
-
-  To do that, I sniffed the traffic going from the Xprinter application
-  and the printer's socket using Wireshark, assuming the commands it
-  sends over the network are the same ones it sends over USB.
-
-  [[file:xprinter_wireshark.png]]
-
-  In the examples below I've encoded the data being sent to hex to make
-  it easier to understand the contents of the packets.
-
-  Based on the traffic, I was able to come up with the following.
-
-** Setting IP address
-
-   The following sets
-   - IP =192.168.0.7=
-
-   The IP hex:
-   #+begin_src ruby
-   [192, 168, 0, 7].map { _1.to_s(16).rjust(2, '0') }
-   #+end_src
-
-   #+RESULTS:
-   | c0 | a8 | 00 | 07 |
-
-   Packet contents from wireshark:
-
-   =0000   1f 1b 1f 22 c0 a8 00 07=
-
-   | Description    | Characters    |
-   |----------------+---------------|
-   | Unit separator | =1f=          |
-   | Escape         | =1b=          |
-   | Unit separator | =1f=          |
-   | Command code   | =22=          |
-   | IP             | =c0 a8 00 07= |
-
-** Setting subnet Mask
-
-   The following sets
-   - Subnet mask =255.255.255.0=
-
-   Subnet mask to hex:
-   #+begin_src ruby
-   [255, 255, 255, 0].map { _1.to_s(16).rjust(2, '0') }
-   #+end_src
-
-   #+RESULTS:
-   | ff | ff | ff | 00 |
-
-   Packet contents from wireshark:
-
-   =0000   1f 1b 1f b0 ff ff ff 00=
-
-   | Description    | Character     |
-   |----------------+---------------|
-   | Unit separator | =1f=          |
-   | Escape         | =1b=          |
-   | Unit separator | =1f=          |
-   | Command code   | =b0=          |
-   | Subnet mask    | =ff ff ff 00= |
-
-** Setting gateway
-
-   The following sets
-   - Gateway =192.168.0.1=
-
-   Subnet mask to hex:
-   #+begin_src ruby
-   [192, 168, 0, 1].map { _1.to_s(16).rjust(2, '0') }
-   #+end_src
-
-   #+RESULTS:
-   | c0 | a8 | 00 | 01 |
-
-   Packet contents from wireshark:
-
-   =0000   1f 1b 1f b1 c0 a8 00 01=
-
-   | Description    | Character     |
-   |----------------+---------------|
-   | Unit separator | =1f=          |
-   | Escape         | =1b=          |
-   | Unit separator | =1f=          |
-   | Command code   | =b1=          |
-   | Net Mask        | =c0 a8 00 01= |
-
-** Setting IP, subnet mask, and gateway
-
-   The following sets
-   - IP =192.168.0.1=
-   - Subnet mask =255.255.255.0=
-   - Gateway =192.168.0.1=
-
-   Packet contents from wireshark:
-
-   =0000   1f 1b 1f b2 c0 a8 00 07 ff ff ff 00 c0 a8 00 01=
-
-   | Purpose        | Character     |
-   |----------------+---------------|
-   | Unit separator | =1f=          |
-   | Escape         | =1b=          |
-   | Unit separator | =1f=          |
-   | Command code   | =b2=          |
-   | IP             | =c0 a8 00 07= |
-   | Subnet mask    | =ff ff ff 00= |
-   | Gateway        | =c0 a8 00 01= |
-
-** Setting WiFi network
-
-   The following sets
-   - SSID =SSID_HERE=
-   - Key =PASSWORD_HERE=
-   - Key Type =WPA2_AES_PSK=
-
-   SSID to hex:
-   #+begin_src ruby
-   "SSID_HERE".bytes.map { _1.to_s(16) }
-   #+end_src
-
-   #+RESULTS:
-   | 53 | 53 | 49 | 44 | 5f | 48 | 45 | 52 | 45 |
-
-   Key to hex:
-   #+begin_src ruby
-   "PASSWORD_HERE".bytes.map { _1.to_s(16) }
-   #+end_src
-
-   #+RESULTS:
-   | 50 | 41 | 53 | 53 | 57 | 4f | 52 | 44 | 5f | 48 | 45 | 52 | 45 |
-
-   Packet contents from wireshark (including string representation):
-     #+begin_src
-     0000   1f 1b 1f b3 06 53 53 49 44 5f 48 45 52 45 00 50   .....SSID_HERE.P
-     0010   41 53 53 57 4f 52 44 5f 48 45 52 45 00            ASSWORD_HERE.
-     #+end_src
-
-   | Purpose         | Character       |
-   |-----------------+-----------------|
-   | Unit separator  | =1f=            |
-   | Escape          | =1b=            |
-   | Unit separator  | =1f=            |
-   | Command code    | =b3=            |
-   | Key type        | =06=            |
-   | SSID            | =SSID_HERE=     |
-   | NUL-termination | =00=            |
-   | Key             | =PASSWORD_HERE= |
-   | NUL-termination | =00=            |
-
-   If the WiFi key type is anything like the menu, the other key types
-   are as follows
-
-   | Key Type             | Value |
-   |----------------------+-------|
-   | =NULL=               | =00=  |
-   | =WEP64=              | =01=  |
-   | =WEP128=             | =02=  |
-   | =WPA_AES_PSK=        | =03=  |
-   | =WPA_TKIP_PSK=       | =04=  |
-   | =WPA_TKIP_AES_PSK=   | =05=  |
-   | =WPA2_AES_PSK=       | =06=  |
-   | =WPA2_TKIP=          | =07=  |
-   | =WPA2_TKIP_AES_PSK=  | =08=  |
-   | =WPA_WPA2_MixedMode= | =09=  |
-
-** Setting all network options
-
-   The following sets
-   - IP =192.168.0.7=
-   - Subnet mask =255.255.255.0=
-   - Gateway =192.168.0.1=
-   - SSID =SSID_HERE=
-   - Key =PASSWORD_HERE=
-   - Key Type =WPA2_AES_PSK=
-
-   Packet contents from wireshark (including string representation):
-
-   #+begin_src
-   0000   1f 1b 1f b4 c0 a8 00 07 ff ff ff 00 c0 a8 00 01   ................
-   0010   06 53 53 49 44 5f 48 45 52 45 00 50 41 53 53 57   .SSID_HERE.PASSW
-   0020   4f 52 44 5f 48 45 52 45 00                        ORD_HERE.
-   #+end_src
-
-   | Description     | Character       |
-   |-----------------+-----------------|
-   | Unit Separator  | =1f=            |
-   | Escape          | =1b=            |
-   | Unit Separator  | =1f=            |
-   | Command Code    | =b4=            |
-   | IP              | =c0 a8 00 07=   |
-   | NetMask         | =ff ff ff 00=   |
-   | Gateway         | =c0 a8 00 01=   |
-   | Key Type        | =06=            |
-   | SSID            | =SSID_HERE=     |
-   | NUL-termination | =00=            |
-   | Key             | =PASSWORD_HERE= |
-   | NUL-termination | =00=            |
-
-* Post-packet analysis
-
-  At this point, after writing an application that could send
-  identical packets given the correct input, I realized that for some
-  reason, my printer was not responding to the commands issued from
-  either the config utility or my program.
-
-  I tried to look deeper for better documentation, but was only able
-  to come across [[file:80XX_Programmer_Manual.pdf][this PDF]] from their [[https://xprinter.com.ua/terms--conditions.html][Russian language website]], which
-  unfortunately still didn't contain the WiFi setup instructions.
-
-  I was also able to find [[https://github.com/daotuyen9244/XprinterPOS][this]] GitHub repo that seems to contain some
-  commands for Xprinter systems, but not the ones I need.
-
-  The data sheets on the Xprinter website claims they have the Linux
-  test utility, which should contain the necessary tools to configure
-  wifi on the printers, but it seems they only support Android and
-  Windows.
-
-* Wine USB attempt 2
-
-  I tried again to get the printer software to work under wine. It
-  turns out wine only looks at =/dev/lp*= devices by default and
-  doesn't add =/dev/usb/lp*=. This time I searched the wine wiki for
-  ways to get the Linux =/dev/usb/lp0= device to show up as =LPT1=
-  under wine. After some digging it appears you can tell wine which
-  devices to map to =COM= / =LPT= ports with registry values.
-
-  It's described in section [[https://wiki.winehq.org/Wine_User's_Guide#Serial_and_Parallel_Ports][4.3.1]] on the [[https://wiki.winehq.org/Wine_User's_Guide][Wine User's Guide]].
-
-  I followed the guide and created the following registry key.
-
-  #+ATTR_HTML: :title Adding the registry key in wine
-  #+ATTR_HTML: :alt wine regedit
-  [[file:xprinter_wine_regedit.png]]
-
-  I then restarted the wine server using the following command.
-
-  #+begin_src shell
-  wineserver -k
-  #+end_src
-
-  I've exported the registry entry [[file:xprinter_lp0.reg][here]] in case anyone wants to do the
-  same.
-
-  At that point the Xprinter setup tool was able to recognize the
-  printer as =LPT1=.
-
-  I then setup wireshark to be able to sniff USB traffic using the
-  their guide [[https://wiki.wireshark.org/CaptureSetup/USB][here]].
-
-  From there I was able to figure out which USB hub it was running
-  through and its device ID, and filter it out using a wireshark
-  filter.
-
-  #+ATTR_HTML: :title wireshark USB sniffing
-  #+ATTR_HTML: :alt wireshark USB sniffing
-  [[file:xprinter_usb_wireshark.png]]
-
-  After sniffing the USB traffic sent by the xprinter configuration
-  app, it looks identical to what was being sent over the TCP
-  connection, meaning what I built should have worked.
-
-* The solution
-
-  So apparently I made some assumptions when starting this project
-  that turned out to not be true.
-
-  It seems only the command to set all options at once consistently
-  works, even when using the Xprinter setup tool from within Windows.
-  The printer will also not allow you to reconfigure it's WiFi unless
-  connected over USB.
-
-  After I narrowed down the number of commands I was testing to only
-  =xb4= and only trying over USB, it worked fine.
-
-  I suppose I should have checked that all the commands worked
-  properly from the beginning, but I did learn a lot along the way
-  so it wasn't a total loss.
-
-  After figuring out the issue, I wrote a small command line tool to
-  configure the printer. You can check it out [[https://github.com/dantecatalfamo/xprinter-wifi][here]].
-
-  #+ATTR_HTML: :title Xprinter WiFi config tool screenshot
-  #+ATTR_HTML: :alt Xprinter WiFi config tool screenshot
-  [[file:xprinter_wifi_screenshot.png]]
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